Using custom graphs¶

gwlearn’s geographically weighted modelling framework is built on top of libpysal.graph.Graph objects, which are typically generated on-the-fly based on the bandwidth and kernel specification. However, you can easily derive the graph in other way and use it wihtin the model, instead of relying on its limited distance and KNN builders.

Below is a basic example using linear regression and a graph redived from travel cost.

import geodatasets
import geopandas as gpd
import pandarm
from libpysal.graph import Graph

from gwlearn.linear_model import GWLinearRegression

Get some data you want to model. This dataset is assumed to contain both dependent and independent variables.

df = gpd.read_file(geodatasets.get_path("geoda Cincinnati"))

Downloading file 'walnuthills_updated.zip' from 'https://geodacenter.github.io/data-and-lab//data/walnuthills_updated.zip' to '/home/runner/.cache/geodatasets'.
Extracting 'walnuthills_updated' from '/home/runner/.cache/geodatasets/walnuthills_updated.zip' to '/home/runner/.cache/geodatasets/walnuthills_updated.zip.unzip'

Generate a pandarm.Network based on the extent of the dataset. This will automatically pull the data for street network from OpenStretMap and prepare a network that can be later queried. All points will be linked to this network and accessibility will be measured alongside its edges.

network = pandarm.Network.from_gdf(df)

Generating contraction hierarchies with 4 threads.
Setting CH node vector of size 6032
Setting CH edge vector of size 17146
Range graph removed 17580 edges of 34292
. 10% . 20% . 30% . 40% . 50% . 60% . 70% . 80% . 90% . 100%

/home/runner/micromamba/envs/py313-latest/lib/python3.13/site-packages/pandarm/loaders/osm.py:68: UserWarning: GeoDataFrame is stored in coordinate system PROJCS["Lambert_Conformal_Conic",GEOGCS["GCS_GRS 1980(IUGG, 1980)",DATUM["unknown",SPHEROID["GRS80",6378137,298.257222101]],PRIMEM["Greenwich",0],UNIT["Degree",0.0174532925199433]],PROJECTION["Lambert_Conformal_Conic_2SP"],PARAMETER["latitude_of_origin",38],PARAMETER["central_meridian",-82.5],PARAMETER["standard_parallel_1",40.0333333333333],PARAMETER["standard_parallel_2",38.7333333333333],PARAMETER["false_easting",1968500],PARAMETER["false_northing",0],UNIT["US survey foot",0.304800609601219,AUTHORITY["EPSG","9003"]],AXIS["Easting",EAST],AXIS["Northing",NORTH]] so the pandana.Network will also be stored in this system
  warn(

Use the network to build a graph with a set distance threshold and a kernel transforming the actual distance to a distance decay weight.

G = Graph.build_travel_cost(
    df.set_geometry(df.representative_point()),
    network,
    threshold=1500,
    kernel="bisquare",
)

Check the properties of the resulting graph. You can see that on average, you have approximately 130 neighbors.

G.summary()

Fit the regression.

gwlr = GWLinearRegression(graph=G)
gwlr.fit(
    X=df[
        [
            "AGE_0_5",
            "AGE_5_9",
            "AGE_10_14",
            "AGE_15_19",
            "AGE_20_24",
            "AGE_25_34",
            "AGE_35_44",
            "AGE_45_54",
            "AGE_55_59",
            "AGE_60_64",
            "AGE_65_74",
            "AGE_75_84",
            "AGE_85",
        ]
    ],
    y=df["WHITE"],
)

GWLinearRegression(graph=<Graph of 457 nodes and 60073 nonzero edges (1 component, 0 isolates) indexed by
 [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ...]>)

Done. Now you can extract whatever the object contain. Like prediction.

gwlr.pred_

0      384.603817
1       17.493526
2       17.012188
3       17.465285
4       46.412049
          ...    
452      5.442217
453      0.421027
454      0.304030
455      1.145678
456      2.545481
Length: 457, dtype: float64

Or local R2.

gwlr.local_r2_

0      0.951705
1      0.986406
2      0.988285
3      0.974132
4      0.983170
         ...   
452    0.792568
453    0.673976
454    0.714759
455    0.873360
456    0.856583
Length: 457, dtype: float64

That can be plotted.

df.plot(gwlr.local_r2_, legend=True, vmin=0, vmax=1).set_axis_off()