segregation.inference.SingleValueTest

class segregation.inference.SingleValueTest(seg_class, iterations_under_null=500, null_approach='systematic', two_tailed=True, n_jobs=-1, **kwargs)

Statistical inference for a single segregation measure.

Parameters:

seg_classsegregation.singlegroup or segregation.multigroup object

fitted segregation index class

iterations_under_nullint

number of iterations under null hyphothesis

null_approachstr

Which counterfactual approach to use when generating null hypothesis distribution. One of the following:.

• bootstrap:

Generate bootstrap replications of the units with replacement of the same size of the original data to create a distribution of the segregation index. Then the null_value argument is tested against this distribution. The null_value may be 0, or may be estimated empirically using the simulate_null function.

• systematic:

assumes that every group has the same probability with restricted conditional probabilities p_0_j = p_1_j = p_j = n_j/n (multinomial distribution).

• evenness:

Generate a distribution of segregation indices under the assumption of evenness, which assumes that each spatial unit has the same global probability of drawing elements from the minority group of the fixed total unit population (binomial distribution). Then test the observed segregation index against this distribution

• person_permutation:

Generate a distribution of segregation indices under the assumption of individual-level randomization, which randomly allocates individuals into units keeping the total population of each equal to the original.Then test the observed segregation index against this distribution

• geographic_permutation:

Generate a distribution of segregation indices under the assumption of geographit unit-level randomization, which randomly allocates the units over space keeping the original values. Then test the observed segregation index against this distribution

• systematic_permutation:

Generate a distribution of segregation indices under the assumption of systemic randomization, then randomly allocate units over space. Then test the observed segregation index against this distribution

• even_permutation:

Generate a distribution of segregation indices under the assumption of evenness, then randomly allocating the units over space. Then test the observed segregation index against this distribution

two_tailedbool

If True, p_value is two-tailed. Otherwise, it is right one-tailed. The one-tailed p_value attribute might not be appropriate for some measures, as the two-tailed. Therefore, it is better to rely on the est_sim attribute.

n_jobs: int, optional

number of cores to use for estimation. If -1 all available cpus will be used

backend: str, optional

which backend to use with joblib. Options include “loky”, “multiprocessing”, or “threading”

index_kwargsdict, optional

additional keyword arguments passed to the index class

Attributes:

p_valuefloat

Pseudo One or Two-Tailed p-value estimated from the simulations

est_simnumpy array

Estimates of the segregation measure under the null hypothesis

statisticfloat

The value of the segregation index being tested

Notes

1) The different approaches for the null hypothesis affect directly the results of the inference depending on the combination of the index type of seg_class and the null_approach chosen. Therefore, the user needs to be aware of how these approaches are affecting the data generation process of the simulations in order to draw meaningful conclusions. For example, the Modified Dissimilarity (ModifiedDissim) and Modified Gini (ModifiedGiniSeg) indexes, rely exactly on the distance between evenness through sampling which, therefore, the “evenness” value for null approach would not be the most appropriate for these indexes.

Examples

Several examples can be found here https://github.com/pysal/segregation/blob/master/notebooks/inference_wrappers_example.ipynb.

__init__(seg_class, iterations_under_null=500, null_approach='systematic', two_tailed=True, n_jobs=-1, **kwargs)

Methods

__init__(seg_class[, iterations_under_null, ...])
plot([color, kde, ax])	Plot the distribution of simulated values and the observed index being tested.

plot(color='darkblue', kde=True, ax=None, **kwargs)

Plot the distribution of simulated values and the observed index being tested.

Parameters:

colorstr, optional

color of histogram, by default ‘darkblue’

kdebool, optional

Whether to plot the kernel density estimate along with the histogram, by default True

axmatplotlib.axes, optional

axes object to plot onto, by default None

kwargsseaborn.histplot argument, optional

additional keyword arguments passed to seaborn’s histplot function

Returns:

matplotlib.axes

pyplot axes object