`weights.user` — Convenience functions for spatial weights¶

The weights.user module provides convenience functions for spatial weights .. versionadded:: 1.0

Convenience functions for the construction of spatial weights based on contiguity and distance criteria

pysal.weights.user.adaptive_kernelW(points, bandwidths=None, function='triangular')¶

Kernel weights with adaptive bandwidths

Parameters:

points : array (n,k)

n observations on k characteristics used to measure distances between the n objects

bandwidths : float or array-like (optional)

the bandwidth $h_i$ for the kernel. if no bandwidth is specified k is used to determine the adaptive bandwidth

function : string {‘triangular’,’uniform’,’quadratic’,’quartic’,’gaussian’}

kernel function defined as follows with

$z_{i,j} = d_{i,j}/h_i$

triangular

$K(z) = (1 - |z|) \ if |z| \le 1$

uniform

$K(z) = |z| \ if |z| \le 1$

quadratic

$K(z) = (3/4)(1-z^2) \ if |z| \le 1$

quartic

$K(z) = (15/16)(1-z^2)^2 \ if |z| \le 1$

gaussian

$K(z) = (2\pi)^{(-1/2)} exp(-z^2 / 2)$

Returns:

w : W

instance of spatial weights

Examples

User specified bandwidths

>>> points=[(10, 10), (20, 10), (40, 10), (15, 20), (30, 20), (30, 30)]
>>> bw=[25.0,15.0,25.0,16.0,14.5,25.0]
>>> kwa=adaptive_kernelW(points,bandwidths=bw)
>>> kwa.weights[0]
[1.0, 0.59999999999999998, 0.55278640450004202, 0.10557280900008403]
>>> kwa.neighbors[0]
[0, 1, 3, 4]
>>> kwa.bandwidth
array([[ 25. ],
       [ 15. ],
       [ 25. ],
       [ 16. ],
       [ 14.5],
       [ 25. ]])

Endogenous adaptive bandwidths

>>> kwea=adaptive_kernelW(points)
>>> kwea.weights[0]
[1.0, 0.10557289844279438, 9.9999990066379496e-08]
>>> kwea.neighbors[0]
[0, 1, 3]
>>> kwea.bandwidth
array([[ 11.18034101],
       [ 11.18034101],
       [ 20.000002  ],
       [ 11.18034101],
       [ 14.14213704],
       [ 18.02775818]])

Endogenous adaptive bandwidths with Gaussian kernel

>>> kweag=adaptive_kernelW(points,function='gaussian')
>>> kweag.weights[0]
[0.3989422804014327, 0.26741902915776961, 0.24197074871621341]
>>> kweag.bandwidth
array([[ 11.18034101],
       [ 11.18034101],
       [ 20.000002  ],
       [ 11.18034101],
       [ 14.14213704],
       [ 18.02775818]])

pysal.weights.user.adaptive_kernelW_from_shapefile(shapefile, bandwidths=None, function='triangular', idVariable=None)¶

Kernel weights with adaptive bandwidths

Parameters:

shapefile : string

shapefile name with shp suffix

bandwidths : float or array-like (optional)

the bandwidth $h_i$ for the kernel. if no bandwidth is specified k is used to determine the adaptive bandwidth

function : string {‘triangular’,’uniform’,’quadratic’,’quartic’,’gaussian’}

kernel function defined as follows with

$z_{i,j} = d_{i,j}/h_i$

triangular

$K(z) = (1 - |z|) \ if |z| \le 1$

uniform

$K(z) = |z| \ if |z| \le 1$

quadratic

$K(z) = (3/4)(1-z^2) \ if |z| \le 1$

quartic

$K(z) = (15/16)(1-z^2)^2 \ if |z| \le 1$

gaussian

$K(z) = (2\pi)^{(-1/2)} exp(-z^2 / 2)$

idVariable : string

name of a column in the shapefile’s DBF to use for ids

Returns:

w : W

instance of spatial weights

Examples

>>> kwa = adaptive_kernelW_from_shapefile('../examples/columbus.shp')
>>> kwa.weights[0]
[9.9999990066379496e-08, 1.0, 0.031789067677363891]
>>> kwa.bandwidth[:3]
array([[ 0.59871832],
       [ 0.59871832],
       [ 0.56095647]])

pysal.weights.user.kernelW(points, k=2, function='triangular')¶

Kernel based weights

Parameters:

points : array (n,k)

n observations on k characteristics used to measure distances between the n objects

k : int

the number of nearest neighbors to use for determining bandwidth. Bandwidth taken as $h_i=max(dknn) \forall i$ where $dknn$ is a vector of k-nearest neighbor distances (the distance to the kth nearest neighbor for each observation).

function : string {‘triangular’,’uniform’,’quadratic’,’quartic’,’gaussian’}

kernel function defined as follows with

$z_{i,j} = d_{i,j}/h_i$

triangular

$K(z) = (1 - |z|) \ if |z| \le 1$

uniform

$K(z) = |z| \ if |z| \le 1$

quadratic

$K(z) = (3/4)(1-z^2) \ if |z| \le 1$

quartic

$K(z) = (15/16)(1-z^2)^2 \ if |z| \le 1$

gaussian

$K(z) = (2\pi)^{(-1/2)} exp(-z^2 / 2)$

Returns:

w : W

instance of spatial weights

Examples

>>> points=[(10, 10), (20, 10), (40, 10), (15, 20), (30, 20), (30, 30)]
>>> kw=kernelW(points)
>>> kw.weights[0]
[1.0, 0.50000004999999503, 0.44098306152674649]
>>> kw.neighbors[0]
[0, 1, 3]
>>> kw.bandwidth
array([[ 20.000002],
       [ 20.000002],
       [ 20.000002],
       [ 20.000002],
       [ 20.000002],
       [ 20.000002]])

use different k

>>> kw=kernelW(points,k=3)
>>> kw.neighbors[0]
[0, 1, 3, 4]
>>> kw.bandwidth
array([[ 22.36068201],
       [ 22.36068201],
       [ 22.36068201],
       [ 22.36068201],
       [ 22.36068201],
       [ 22.36068201]])

pysal.weights.user.kernelW_from_shapefile(shapefile, k=2, function='triangular', idVariable=None)¶

Kernel based weights

Parameters:

shapefile : string

shapefile name with shp suffix

k : int

the number of nearest neighbors to use for determining bandwidth. Bandwidth taken as $h_i=max(dknn) \forall i$ where $dknn$ is a vector of k-nearest neighbor distances (the distance to the kth nearest neighbor for each observation).

function : string {‘triangular’,’uniform’,’quadratic’,’quartic’,’gaussian’}

kernel function defined as follows with

$z_{i,j} = d_{i,j}/h_i$

triangular

$K(z) = (1 - |z|) \ if |z| \le 1$

uniform

$K(z) = |z| \ if |z| \le 1$

quadratic

$K(z) = (3/4)(1-z^2) \ if |z| \le 1$

quartic

$K(z) = (15/16)(1-z^2)^2 \ if |z| \le 1$

gaussian

$K(z) = (2\pi)^{(-1/2)} exp(-z^2 / 2)$

idVariable : string

name of a column in the shapefile’s DBF to use for ids

Returns:

w : W

instance of spatial weights

Examples

>>> kw = kernelW_from_shapefile('../examples/columbus.shp',idVariable='POLYID')
>>> kw.weights[1]
[0.20524787824004365, 0.0070787731484506233, 1.0, 0.23051223027663015]
>>> kw.bandwidth[:3]
array([[ 0.75333961],
       [ 0.75333961],
       [ 0.75333961]])

pysal.weights.user.knnW_from_array(array, k=2, p=2, ids=None)¶

Nearest neighbor weights from a numpy array

Parameters:

data : array (n,m)

attribute data, n observations on m attributes

k : int

number of nearest neighbors

p : float

Minkowski p-norm distance metric parameter: 1<=p<=infinity 2: Euclidean distance 1: Manhattan distance

ids : list

identifiers to attach to each observation

Returns:

w : W instance

Weights object with binary weights

See also

pysal.weights.W

Notes

Ties between neighbors of equal distance are arbitrarily broken.

Examples

>>> import numpy as np
>>> x,y=np.indices((5,5))
>>> x.shape=(25,1)
>>> y.shape=(25,1)
>>> data=np.hstack([x,y])
>>> wnn2=knnW_from_array(data,k=2)
>>> wnn4=knnW_from_array(data,k=4)
>>> wnn4.neighbors[0]
[1, 5, 6, 2]
>>> wnn4.neighbors[5]
[0, 6, 10, 1]
>>> wnn2.neighbors[0]
[1, 5]
>>> wnn2.neighbors[5]
[0, 6]
>>> wnn2.pct_nonzero
0.080000000000000002
>>> wnn4.pct_nonzero
0.16
>>> wnn4=knnW_from_array(data,k=4)
>>> wnn4.neighbors[0]
[1, 5, 6, 2]
>>> wnn4=knnW_from_array(data,k=4)
>>> wnn3e=knnW(data,p=2,k=3)
>>> wnn3e.neighbors[0]
[1, 5, 6]
>>> wnn3m=knnW(data,p=1,k=3)
>>> wnn3m.neighbors[0]
[1, 5, 2]

pysal.weights.user.knnW_from_shapefile(shapefile, k=2, p=2, idVariable=None)¶

Nearest neighbor weights from a shapefile

Parameters:

shapefile : string

shapefile name with shp suffix

k : int

number of nearest neighbors

p : float

Minkowski p-norm distance metric parameter: 1<=p<=infinity 2: Euclidean distance 1: Manhattan distance

idVariable : string

name of a column in the shapefile’s DBF to use for ids

Returns:

w : W instance

Weights object with binary weights

See also

pysal.weights.W

Notes

Supports polygon or point shapefiles. For polygon shapefiles, distance is based on polygon centroids. Distances are defined using coordinates in shapefile which are assumed to be projected and not geographical coordinates.

Ties between neighbors of equal distance are arbitrarily broken.

Examples

Polygon shapefile

>>> wc=knnW_from_shapefile('../examples/columbus.shp')
>>> wc.pct_nonzero
0.040816326530612242
>>> wc3=knnW_from_shapefile('../examples/columbus.shp',k=3,idVariable="POLYID")
>>> wc3.weights[1]
[1, 1, 1]
>>> wc3.neighbors[1]
[3, 2, 4]
>>> wc.neighbors[0]
[2, 1]

Point shapefile

>>> w=knnW_from_shapefile('../examples/juvenile.shp')
>>> w.pct_nonzero
0.011904761904761904
>>> w1=knnW_from_shapefile('../examples/juvenile.shp',k=1)
>>> w1.pct_nonzero
0.0059523809523809521
>>> 

pysal.weights.user.min_threshold_dist_from_shapefile(shapefile)¶

Kernel weights with adaptive bandwidths

Parameters:

shapefile : string

shapefile name with shp suffix

Returns:

d : float

minimum nearest neighbor distance between the n observations

Examples

>>> md = min_threshold_dist_from_shapefile('../examples/columbus.shp')
>>> md
0.61886415807685413

pysal.weights.user.queen_from_shapefile(shapefile, idVariable=None)¶

Queen contiguity weights from a polygon shapefile

Parameters:

shapefile : string

name of polygon shapefile including suffix.

idVariable : string

name of a column in the shapefile’s DBF to use for ids.

Returns:

w : W

instance of spatial weights

See also

pysal.weights.W

Notes

Queen contiguity defines as neighbors any pair of polygons that share at least one vertex in their polygon definitions.

Examples

>>> wq=queen_from_shapefile("../examples/columbus.shp")
>>> wq.pct_nonzero
0.098292378175760101
>>> wq=queen_from_shapefile("../examples/columbus.shp","POLYID")
>>> wq.pct_nonzero
0.098292378175760101

pysal.weights.user.rook_from_shapefile(shapefile, idVariable=None)¶

Rook contiguity weights from a polygon shapefile

Parameters:

shapefile : string

name of polygon shapefile including suffix.

Returns:

w : W

instance of spatial weights

See also

pysal.weights.W

Notes

Rook contiguity defines as neighbors any pair of polygons that share a common edge in their polygon definitions.

Examples

>>> wr=rook_from_shapefile("../examples/columbus.shp", "POLYID")
>>> wr.pct_nonzero
0.083298625572678045

pysal.weights.user.threshold_binaryW_from_array(array, threshold, p=2)¶

Binary weights based on a distance threshold

Parameters:

array : array (n,m)

attribute data, n observations on m attributes

threshold : float

distance band

p : float

Minkowski p-norm distance metric parameter: 1<=p<=infinity 2: Euclidean distance 1: Manhattan distance

Returns:

w : W instance

Weights object with binary weights

Examples

>>> points=[(10, 10), (20, 10), (40, 10), (15, 20), (30, 20), (30, 30)]
>>> w=threshold_binaryW_from_array(points,threshold=11.2)
>>> w.weights
{0: [1, 1], 1: [1, 1], 2: [], 3: [1, 1], 4: [1], 5: [1]}
>>> w.neighbors
{0: [1, 3], 1: [0, 3], 2: [], 3: [0, 1], 4: [5], 5: [4]}
>>> 

pysal.weights.user.threshold_binaryW_from_shapefile(shapefile, threshold, p=2, idVariable=None)¶

Threshold distance based binary weights from a shapefile

Parameters:

shapefile : string

shapefile name with shp suffix

threshold : float

distance band

p : float

Minkowski p-norm distance metric parameter: 1<=p<=infinity 2: Euclidean distance 1: Manhattan distance

idVariable : string

name of a column in the shapefile’s DBF to use for ids

Returns:

w : W instance

Weights object with binary weights

Examples

>>> w = threshold_binaryW_from_shapefile('../examples/columbus.shp',0.62,idVariable="POLYID")
>>> w.weights[1]
[1, 1]

pysal.weights.user.threshold_continuousW_from_array(array, threshold, p=2, alpha=-1)¶

Continuous weights based on a distance threshold

Parameters:

array : array (n,m)

attribute data, n observations on m attributes

threshold : float

distance band

p : float

Minkowski p-norm distance metric parameter: 1<=p<=infinity 2: Euclidean distance 1: Manhattan distance

alpha : float

distance decay parameter for weight (default -1.0) if alpha is positive the weights will not decline with distance.

Returns:

w : W instance

Weights object with continuous weights

Examples

inverse distance weights

>>> points=[(10, 10), (20, 10), (40, 10), (15, 20), (30, 20), (30, 30)]
>>> wid=threshold_continuousW_from_array(points,11.2)
>>> wid.weights[0]
[0.10000000000000001, 0.089442719099991588]

gravity weights

>>> wid2=threshold_continuousW_from_array(points,11.2,alpha=-2.0)
>>> wid2.weights[0]
[0.01, 0.0079999999999999984]

pysal.weights.user.threshold_continuousW_from_shapefile(shapefile, threshold, p=2, alpha=-1, idVariable=None)¶

Threshold distance based continuous weights from a shapefile

Parameters:

shapefile : string

shapefile name with shp suffix

threshold : float

distance band

p : float

Minkowski p-norm distance metric parameter: 1<=p<=infinity 2: Euclidean distance 1: Manhattan distance

alpha : float

distance decay parameter for weight (default -1.0) if alpha is positive the weights will not decline with distance.

idVariable : string

name of a column in the shapefile’s DBF to use for ids

Returns:

w : W instance

Weights object with continuous weights

Examples

>>> w = threshold_continuousW_from_shapefile('../examples/columbus.shp',0.62,idVariable="POLYID")
>>> w.weights[1]
[1.6702346893743276, 1.7250729841938044]

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`weights.user` — Convenience functions for spatial weights¶